Common Molecular Mechanisms of Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer

During its lifetime, the mammary gland undergoes many phases of development and differentiation. Much of this occurs during puberty, when the ductal epithelium expands by branching morphogenesis, invading the surrounding fat pad to form an organised mammary tree. Throughout its existence, the epithelium will go through several cycles of proliferation and cell death during pregnancy, lactation and involution. Many of the signalling mechanisms which control the initial invasion of the fat pad by the epithelium, and regulate its continuing plasticity, can be harnessed or corrupted by tumour cells in order to support their aberrant growth and progression towards invasion. This is true not just for the epithelial cells themselves but also for cells in the surrounding microenvironment, including fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes. This review examines the complex web of signalling and adhesion interactions controlling branching morphogenesis, and how their alteration can promote malignancy. Current in vivo and in vitro mammary gland models are also discussed. (Part of a Multi-author Review)     

乳腺癌PKCs表达与其分化程度的相关性

为了研究蛋白激酶C（PKC）和乳腺癌分化及转移的相关性，采用免疫组化SABC方法检测48例人乳腺癌的PKC蛋白表达，包括PKCα、βI、η和ξ等蛋白。结果表明，与分化低的乳腺癌对比，分化高的乳腺癌PKC蛋白表达水平提高。在临床I－II和III级的乳腺癌中，PKCη蛋白表达率分别为61．5％和9．1％，具有显著意义（P＜0．05），PKCξ蛋白表达率分别为92．3％和27．3％，具有极显著意义（P＜0．01）。另外，在乳腺癌未转移的病例中，PKCs蛋白表达水平普遍较高，其中PKCξ与肿转移相关性极显著（P＜0．01）。此外，PKCs蛋白表达水平与肿瘤患者年龄无关。以上结果提示，PKCη和PKCξ有可能作为评价临床乳腺癌分化和转移程度的指标之一。     

Bromocriptine-induced removal of endoplasmic membranes from prolactinoma cells

Summary Adenomatous prolactin cells lose 39% of their cytoplasm volume within 7 days after the beginning of bromocriptine treatment. A simultaneous reduction of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus occurs. Their membranes are removed by rapid transport along the secretory pathway to the cell surface and to lysosomal destruction.We thank Prof. E. del Pozo, Sandoz Ltd, Basle, for the generous gift of injectable bromocriptine, Prof. E.R. Weibel, Dept. of Anatomy, University of Bern, for his technical advice, Dr U. Helfenstein, Institute of Biostatistics, University of Zürich, for his help in the statistical evaluation of the results and the EMDO-Foundation, Zürich, for financial support.     

肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝癌侵犯门静脉的疗效和安全性探讨

评价肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝癌侵犯门静脉的疗效和安全性。方法;采用选择性肝动脉插管,造影证实靶血管存在后,先注入适量碘化油－抗癌药乳化剂栓塞肿瘤血和,再注入适量三联抗癌药。根据肝癌侵犯门静脉的大小,将其分为局限型和弥漫型两类,并对这两类肝癌经ＴＡＣＥ治疗后的初期和长期疗效及安全性进行随访。     

乳腺癌诊断指标的数理统计分析

以UCI机器学习知识库提供的683个乳腺癌数据为基础，利用相关分析、逐步线性回归和主成分分析等数理统计方法，对用于诊断检测乳腺癌各指标间的相互关系及主要判断指标进行了深入研究，指出细胞大小的均匀性(X2)、细胞形状的均匀性(X3)是检测乳腺癌诸指标中最重要的指标。     

CEACAM6在卵巢粘液性肿瘤中的表达及其诊断意义

目的探讨CEACAM6在卵巢粘液性肿瘤中的表达及其诊断意义。方法利用免疫组化法检测CEA-CAM6在不同卵巢粘液性肿瘤、浆液性肿瘤和正常卵巢组织中表达情况。结果21例良性粘液性囊腺瘤均为阴性或弱阳性表达,19例交界性肿瘤中16例阳性表达（84.2%）;21例高分化癌中17例阳性表达（80.9%）,11例低分化癌中7例2～3分阳性表达（63.6%）;粘液性肿瘤中,良性粘液性囊腺瘤和交界性肿瘤、高分化癌、低分化癌相比均有统计学差异（P=0.000）;交界性粘液性肿瘤、高分化癌、低分化癌之间两两比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。浆液性肿瘤中,良性、交界性和恶性肿瘤CEACAM6表达均为阴性或弱阳性;15例正常卵巢组织阴性表达。粘液性肿瘤和浆液性肿瘤以及正常卵巢组织中CEACAM6的表达具有统计学差异（P=0.000）。结论CEA-CAM6特异性地表达于粘液性肿瘤中,而且CEACAM6的异常表达在卵巢粘液性肿瘤恶性变过程中是一个早期事件,起始于交界性肿瘤。     

单克隆抗体连接表阿霉素导向治疗乳腺癌的体外基础研究

本文报道了抗人乳腺癌单克隆抗体Ｍ４Ｇ３与表阿霉素结合物的制备及其体外免疫活性．首先用高碘酸钠氧化葡聚糖，使其成为多醛基葡聚糖，并以此为中间载体将表阿霉素与单抗连接，经测定，每一抗体分子能携带３１个药物分子，且结合物仍具有良好的免疫活性，为单抗导向药物治疗乳腺癌提供了理论基础和实验依据．     

人乳头瘤病毒感染的宫颈癌组织的病理形态学观察

应用核酸杂交技术结合组织病理学的光镜和电镜观察、检测８０例子宫颈癌、４２例正常宫颈组织、３３例宫颈非典型增生组织和１０例宫颈尖锐湿疣组织中的ＨＰＶｓ基因组相关序列。结果表明：（１）４２例正常宫颈组织ＤＮＡ无一例检出ＨＰＶ，而在宫颈癌组织、宫颈非典型增生组织和宫颈尖锐湿疣组织中，ＨＰＶ检出率分别达４３．７５％、４５．４５％和８０％；（２）宫颈癌组织中阳性３５例，阳性率为４３．７５％；ＨＰＶ型别分布主要为ＨＰＶ１６型（１８例，５１．４３％）和ＨＰＶＲ型（８例，２２．８６％）；（３）１８例ＨＰＶ１６型和３例ＨＰＶ１１／６型均为鳞癌，８例ＨＰＶＲ型中有６例也为鳞癌。ＨＰＶ１６型的１８例中有１２例为低分化癌，ＨＰＶＲ型的８例中有５例也为低分化癌；（４）不同型别ＨＰＶ感染的宫颈癌组织，其病理形态学特征有所不同。研究表明，广西地区相当部分宫颈癌的发生与ＨＰＶ感染有关，其感染的宫颈癌组织具有一定的病理形态学特征。     

Functional Imaging of Breast Tissue and Clinical Application

0Introduction Near infrared(NIR)techniquesarebasedonsensitive,quantitativemeasurementsoffunctionalcontrastbe tweenhealthyanddiseasedtissue.Recently,researchersshowgreatinterestinmeasuringfunctionalpropertiesofbreasttis suesuchashemoglobinconcentrationoroxygensaturationbyNIRspectroscopyandNIRimaging[1,2].NIRlightcanpene trateseveralcentimetersintotissuebeforeitisattenuatedbe lowdetection.ThemainintrinsicmechanismsofNIRlightat tenuationintissuearethescatteringduetoindexofrefractionvariatio…     

高频彩色多普勒超声对乳腺疾病的诊断价值

目的:评价高频彩色多普勒超声对乳腺疾病的诊断价值.方法:对362例乳腺疾病进行二维及彩色多普勒超声检查.结果:乳腺增生227例,乳腺纤维腺瘤54例,乳腺炎10例,乳腺癌71例.结论:高频彩色多普勒超声对乳腺疾病有较高的诊断价值.